| image = Grapevinesnail 01a.jpg | image_caption= Air-breathing land gastropod ''Helix pomatia'', the Roman snail | authority= Cuvier, 1795 | subdivision_ranks = Clades | subdivision = "''Paleozoic uncertain …''" "''Basal taxa …''" clade Patellogastropoda clade Vetigastropoda clade Cocculiniformia clade Neritimorpha clade Caenogastropoda clade Heterobranchia }}

The Gastropoda or gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, are a large taxonomic class within the Mollusca. The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to quite large. There are huge numbers of sea snails and sea slugs, as well as freshwater snails and freshwater limpets, and land snails and land slugs.

The class Gastropoda contains a vast total of named species, second only to the insects in overall number. The fossil history of this class goes all the way back to the Late Cambrian. There are 611 families of gastropods, of which 202 families are extinct, being found only in the fossil record.

Gastropoda (previously known as univalves and sometimes spelled Gasteropoda) are a major part of the phylum Mollusca and are the most highly diversified class in the phylum, with 60,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug species. The anatomy, behavior, feeding and reproductive adaptations of gastropods vary significantly from one clade or group to another. Therefore, it is difficult to state many generalities for all gastropods.

The class Gastropoda has an extraordinary diversification of habitats. Representatives live in gardens, in woodland, in deserts, and on mountains; in small ditches, great rivers and lakes; in estuaries, mudflats, the rocky intertidal, the sandy subtidal, in the abyssal depths of the oceans including the hydrothermal vents, and numerous other ecological niches, including parasitic ones.

Although the name "snail" can be, and often is, applied to all the members of this class, commonly this word means only those species with an external shell large enough that the soft parts can withdraw completely into it. Those gastropods without a shell, and those with only a very reduced or internal shell, are usually known as slugs.

The marine shelled species of gastropod include edible species such as abalone, conches, periwinkles, whelks, and numerous other sea snails that produce seashells which are coiled in the adult stage, even though in some cases the coiling may not be very visible, for example in cowries. There are also a number of families of species such as all the various limpets, where the shell is coiled only in the larval stage, and is a simple conical structure after that.

Etymology

The word "gastropod" is derived from the Ancient Greek words ''γαστήρ (gastér, ''stem:'' gastr-)'' "stomach", and ''πούς (poús, ''stem:'' pod-)'' "foot", hence stomach-foot. This is an anthropomorphic name, based on the fact that to humans it appears as if snails and slugs crawl on their bellies. In reality, snails and slugs have their stomach, the rest of their digestive system and all the rest of their viscera in a hump on the opposite, dorsal side of the body. In most gastropods this visceral hump is covered by, and contained within, the shell.

In the scientific literature, gastropods were described under the vernacular (French) name "gasteropodes" by Georges Cuvier in 1795. The name was later Latinized.

The earlier name ''univalve'' means "one valve" or shell, in contrast to ''bivalve'' applied to mollusks such as clams and meaning that those animals possess two valves or shells.

Diversity

At all taxonomic levels, gastropods are second only to the insects in terms of their diversity.

Gastropods are the class of molluscs which have the greatest numbers of named species. However estimates of the total number of gastropod species varies widely, depending on the cited sources. The number of gastropod species can be deduced from estimates of the number of described species of Mollusca with accepted names: about 85,000 (minimum 50,000, maximum 120,000). But an estimate of the total number of Mollusca, including undescribed species, is about 240,000 species. The estimate of 85,000 molluscs includes 24,000 described species of terrestrial gastropods.

Different estimations (from different sources) for aquatic gastropods give about 30,000 species of marine gastropods and about 5,000 species of freshwater and brackish gastropods. The total number of recent species of freshwater snails is about 4,000.

There are 444 Extinct species of gastropods (since the year 1500), 18 species Extinct in the Wild and 69 "Possibly Extinct" species.

The number of prehistoric (fossil) species of gastropods is at least 15,000 species.

Habitat

Some of the more familiar and better-known gastropods are terrestrial gastropods (the land snails and slugs) and some live in freshwater, but more than two thirds of all named species live in a marine environment.

Gastropods have a worldwide distribution from the near Arctic and Antarctic zones to the tropics. They have become adapted to almost every kind of existence on earth, having colonized every medium available except the air.

In habitats where there is not enough calcium carbonate to build a really solid shell, such as on some acidic soils on land, there are still various species of slugs, and also some snails with a thin translucent shell, mostly or entirely composed of the protein conchiolin.

Snails such as ''Sphincterochila boissieri'' and ''Xerocrassa seetzeni'' have adapted to desert conditions, other snails have adapted to an existence in ditches, near deepwater hydrothermal vents, the pounding surf of rocky shores, caves, and many other diverse areas.

Anatomy

thumb|The anatomy of an aquatic snail with a gill, a male prosobranch gastropod. Note that much of this anatomy does not apply to gastropods in other clades.Light yellow - bodyBrown - [[Gastropod shell|shell and operculumGreen - digestive systemLight purple - gillsYellow - osphradiumRed - heartPink - Dark violet - 1. foot 2. cerebral ganglion 3. pneumostome 4. upper commissura 5. osphradium 6. gills 7. pleural ganglion 8. atrium of heart 9. visceral ganglion 10. ventricle 11. foot 12. operculum 13. brain 14. mouth 15. tentacle (chemosensory, 2 or 4) 16. eye 17. penis (everted, normally internal) 18. esophageal nerve ring 19. pedal ganglion 20. lower commissura 21. vas deferens 22. pallial cavity / mantle cavity / respiratory cavity 23. parietal ganglion 24. anus 25. hepatopancreas 26. gonad 27. rectum 28. nephridium]]

Snails are distinguished by an anatomical process known as torsion, where the visceral mass of the animal rotates 180° to one side during development, such that the anus is situated more or less above the head. This process is unrelated to the coiling of the shell, which is a separate phenomenon. Torsion is present in all gastropods, but the opisthobranch gastropods are secondarily de-torted to various degrees.

Torsion occurs in two mechanistic stages. The first is muscular and the second is mutagenetic. The effects of torsion are primarily physiological - the organism develops an asymmetrical nature with the majority of growth occurring on the left side. This leads to the loss of right-paired appendages (e.g. ctenidia (comb-like respiratory apparatus), gonads, nephridia, etc.). Furthermore, the anus becomes redirected to the same space as the head. This is speculated to have some evolutionary function, as prior to torsion, when retracting into the shell, first the posterior end would get pulled in, and then the anterior. Now, the front can be retracted more easily, perhaps suggesting a defensive purpose.

However, this "rotation hypothesis" is being challenged by the "asymmetry hypothesis" in which the gastropod mantle cavity originated from one side only of a bilateral set of mantle cavities.

Gastropods typically have a well-defined head with two or four sensory tentacles with eyes, and a ventral foot, which gives them their name (Greek ''gaster'', stomach, and ''poda'', feet). The foremost division of the foot is called the propodium. Its function is to push away sediment as the snail crawls. The larval shell of a gastropod is called a protoconch.

The shell

left|thumb|[[Gastropod shell|The shell of ''Zonitoides nitidus'', a small land snail, has dextral coiling, which is typical (but not universal) in gastropod shells. ''Upper image:'' dorsal view of the shell, showing the apex ''Central image:'' lateral view showing the spire and aperture of the shell ''Lower image:'' basal view showing the umbilicus]]

Most shelled gastropods have a one piece shell, typically coiled or spiraled. This coiled shell usually opens on the right-hand side (as viewed with the shell apex pointing upward). Numerous species have an operculum, which in many species acts as a trapdoor to close the shell. This is usually made of a horn-like material, but in some molluscs it is calcareous. In the land slugs, the shell is reduced or absent, and the body is streamlined.

Body wall

Some sea slugs are very brightly colored. This serves either as a warning, when they are poisonous or contain stinging cells, or to camouflage them on the brightly-colored hydroids, sponges and seaweeds on which many of the species are found.

Lateral outgrowths on the body of nudibranchs are called cerata. These contain a part of digestive gland, which is called the diverticula.

Sensory organs and nervous system

Sensory organs of gastropods include olfactory organs, eyes, statocysts and mechanoreceptors. Gastropods have no hearing.

In terrestrial gastropods (land snails and slugs), the olfactory organs, located on the tips of the 4 tentacles, are the most important sensory organ, The chemosensory organs of opisthobranch marine gastropods are called rhinophores.

The majority of gastropods have simple visual organs, eye spots, that are situated either at the tip of the tentacles or the base of the tentacles. However "eyes" in gastropods range from these simple ocelli which cannot process an image being only able to distinguish light and dark, to more complex pit eyes, and even to lens eyes. In land snails and slugs, vision is not the most important sense, because they are mainly nocturnal animals.

The nervous system of gastropods includes the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. The central nervous system consist of ganglia connected by nerve cells. It includes paired ganglia: the cerebral ganglia, pedal ganglia, osphradial ganglia, pleural ganglia, parietal ganglia and the visceral ganglia. There are sometimes also buccal ganglia.

Digestive system

The radula of a gastropod is usually adapted to the food that a species eats. The simplest gastropods are the limpets and abalones, herbivores that use their hard radula to rasp at seaweeds on rocks.

Many marine gastropods are burrowers, and have a siphon that extends out from the mantle edge. Sometimes the shell has a siphonal canal to accommodate this structure. A siphon enables the animal to draw water into their mantle cavity and over the gill. They use the siphon primarily to "taste" the water to detect prey from a distance. Gastropods with siphons tend to be either predators or scavengers.

Respiratory system

Almost all marine gastropods breathe with a gill, but many freshwater species, and the majority of terrestrial species, have a pallial lung. Gastropods with a lung belong to one group with common descent, the Pulmonata, however, gastropods with gills are paraphyletic. The respiratory protein in almost all gastropods is hemocyanin, but a pulmonate family Planorbidae have hemoglobin as respiratory protein.

In one large group of sea slugs, the gills are arranged as a rosette of feathery plumes on their backs, which gives rise to their other name, nudibranchs. Some nudibranchs have smooth or warty backs and have no visible gill mechanism, such that respiration may likely take place directly through the skin.

Circulatory system

Gastropods have open circulatory system and the transport fluid is hemolymph. Hemocyanin is present in the hemolymph as the respiratory pigment.

Excretory system

The primary organs of excretion in gastropods are nephridia, which produce either ammonia or uric acid as a waste product. The nephridium also plays an important role in maintaining water balance in freshwater and terrestrial species. Additional organs of excretion, at least in some species, include pericardial glands in the body cavity, and digestive glands opening into the stomach.

Reproductive system

Courtship is a part of mating behavior in some gastropods including some of the Helicidae. Again, in some land snails, an unusual feature of the reproductive system of gastropods is the presence and utilization of love darts.

In many marine gastropods other than the opisthobranchs, there are separate sexes; most land gastropods however are hermaphrodites.

Life cycle

[[File:Haliotis asinina trochophore.jpg|thumb|A 9-hour-old trochophore of ''Haliotis asinina'' sf - shell field]] The main aspects of the life cycle of gastropods include:

Egg laying and the eggs of gastropods

The Embryonic development of gastropods

The larvae or larval stadium: some gastropods may be trochophore and/or veliger

Estivation and hibernation (each of these are present in some gastropods only)

The growth of gastropods

Courtship of gastropods and mating of gastropods: fertilisation is internal or external according to the species. External fertilisation is common in marine gastropods.

Feeding behavior

Marine gastropods include some that are herbivores, detritus feeders, predatory carnivores, scavengers, parasites, and also a few ciliary feeders, in which the radula is reduced or absent.Land-dwelling species can chew up leaves, bark, fruit and decomposing animals while marine species can scrape algae off the rocks on the sea floor. In some species that have evolved into endoparasites, such as ''Parenteroxenos doglieli'', many of the standard gastropod features are strongly reduced or absent.

A few sea slugs are herbivores and some are carnivores. Many have distinct dietary preferences and regularly occur in close association with their food species.

Some predatory carnivorous gastropods include, for example: Cone shells, ''Testacella'', ''Daudebardia'', Ghost slug and others.

Genetics

Gastropods exhibit an important degree of variation in mitochondrial gene organization when compared to other animals. Main events of gene rearrangement occurred at the origin of Patellogastropoda and Heterobranchia, whereas fewer changes occurred between the ancestors of Vetigastropoda (only tRNAs D, C and N) and Caenogastropoda (a large single inversion, and translocations of the tRNAs D and N). Within Heterobranchia, gene order seems to be relatively conserved and gene rearrangements are mostly related with transposition of tRNA genes.

Geological history

The first gastropods were exclusively marine, with the earliest representatives of the group appearing in the Late Cambrian (''Chippewaella'', ''Strepsodiscus''). Early Cambrian forms like ''Helcionella'' and ''Scenella'' are no longer considered gastropods, and the tiny coiled ''Aldanella'' of earliest Cambrian time is probably not even a mollusk. By the Ordovician period the gastropods were a varied group present in a range of aquatic habitats. Commonly, fossil gastropods from the rocks of the early Palaeozoic era are too poorly preserved for accurate identification. Still, the Silurian genus ''Poleumita'' contains fiftean identified species. Fossil gastropods were less common during the Palaeozoic era than bivalves.

Most of the gastropods of the Palaeozoic era belong to primitive groups, a few of which still survive today. By the Carboniferous period many of the shapes we see in living gastropods can be matched in the fossil record, but despite these similarities in appearance the majority of these older forms are not directly related to living forms. It was during the Mesozoic era that the ancestors of many of the living gastropods evolved.

One of the earliest known terrestrial (land-dwelling) gastropods is ''Maturipupa'', which is found in the Coal Measures of the Carboniferous period in Europe, but relatives of the modern land snails are rare before the Cretaceous period, when the familiar ''Helix'' first appeared.

In rocks of the Mesozoic era, gastropods are slightly more common as fossils, their shells are often well preserved. Their fossils occur in ancient beds deposited in both freshwater and marine environments. The "Purbeck Marble" of the Jurassic period and the "Sussex Marble" of the early Cretaceous period, which both occur in southern England, are limestones containing the tightly packed remains of the pond snail ''Viviparus''.

Rocks of the Cenozoic era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils, many of these fossils being closely related to modern living forms. The diversity of the gastropods increased markedly at the beginning of this era, along with that of the bivalves.

Certain trail-like markings preserved in ancient sedimentary rocks are thought to have been made by gastropods crawling over the soft mud and sand. Although these trails are of debatable origin, some of them do resemble the trails made by living gastropods today.

Gastropod fossils may sometimes be confused with ammonites or other shelled cephalopods. An example of this is ''Bellerophon'' from the limestones of the Carboniferous period in Europe, the shell of which is planispirally coiled and can be mistaken for the shell of a cephalopod.

Gastropods are one of the groups that record the changes in fauna caused by the advance and retreat of the Ice Sheets during the Pleistocene epoch.

Taxonomy

Since Darwin, biological taxonomy has tried to reflect the presumed phylogeny of organisms, i.e. the tree of life. The classifications used in taxonomy attempt to represent the precise interrelatedness of the various species. The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as shown in various texts can differ in major ways.

In the older classification of the gastropods, there were four subclasses:

Opisthobranchia (gills to the right and behind the heart).

Gymnomorpha (no shell)

Prosobranchia (gills in front of the heart).

Pulmonata (with a lung instead of gills)

The taxonomy of the Gastropoda is under constant revision, and more and more of the old taxonomy is being abandoned, as the results of DNA studies slowly become clearer. Nevertheless a few of the older terms such as "opisthobranch" and "prosobranch" are still sometimes used in a descriptive way.

New insights based on DNA sequencing of gastropods have produced some revolutionary new taxonomic insights. In the case of the Gastropoda, the taxonomy is now gradually being rewritten to embody strictly monophyletic groups (only one lineage of gastropods in each group). Integrating new findings into a working taxonomy will continue to be a challenge in coming years. Consistent ranks within the taxonomy at the level of subclass, superorder, order and suborder have already been abandoned as unworkable. Ongoing revisions of the higher taxonomic levels are to be expected in the near future.

Convergent evolution, which appears to exist at especially high frequency in the class Gastropoda class, may account for the observed differences between the older phylogenies which were based on morphological data, and more recent gene-sequencing studies.

Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) made sweeping changes in the systematics, resulting in a taxonomy that is a step closer to the evolutionary history of the phylum.

The Bouchet & Rocroi classification system is based partly on the older systems of classification, and partly on new cladistic research. In the past, the taxonomy of gastropods was largely based on phenetic morphological characters of the taxa. The recent advances are more based on molecular characters from DNA and RNA research. This has made the taxonomical ranks and their hierarchy controversial. The debate about these issues is not likely to end soon.

In the Bouchet, Rocroi ''et al.'' taxonomy, the authors have used unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass), while using the traditional Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily. Whenever monophyly has not been tested, or is known to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic, the term "group" or "informal group" has been used. The classification of families into subfamilies is often not well resolved, and should be regarded as the best possible hypothesis.

In 2004, Brian Simison and David R. Lindberg showed possible diphyletic origins of the Gastropoda based on mitochondrial gene order and amino acid sequence analyses of complete genes.

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.

Abbott, R. T. (1989): ''Compendium of Landshells. A color guide to more than 2,000 of the World's Terrestrial Shells.'' 240 S., American Malacologists. Melbourne, Fl, Burlington, Ma. ISBN 0-915826-23-2

Abbott, R. T. & Dance, S. P. (1998): ''Compendium of Seashells. A full-color guide to more than 4,200 of the world's marine shells.'' 413 S., Odyssey Publishing. El Cajon, Calif. ISBN 0-9661720-0-0

Parkinson, B., Hemmen, J. & Groh, K. (1987): ''Tropical Landshells of the World.'' 279 S., Verlag Christa Hemmen. Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-925919-00-7

Ponder, W. F. & Lindberg, D. R. (1997): ''Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters''. ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'', 119 83–265.

Robin, A. (2008): ''Encyclopedia of Marine Gastropods.'' 480 S., Verlag ConchBooks. Hackenheim. ISBN 978-3-939767-09-1

External links

Gastropod reproductive behavior

Reconstructions of fossil gastropods

2004 Linnean taxonomy of gastropods

Webster S. J. & Fiorito G. (October 2001) "Socially guided behaviour in non-insect invertebrates". ''Animal Cognition'' 4(2): 69–79. - An article about social learning also in gastropods.

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Russell Ingall (born 24 February 1964, in the United Kingdom) is an Australian V8 Supercar driver. Ingall won the V8 Supercar Championship for the first time in 2005, he was also the Championship runner up in 1998, 1999 and 2001. Ingall has also won the Bathurst 1000 motor race twice, in 1995 and 1997. His particular driving style earned him the nickname "Enforcer".

Early years

Ingall began his motor racing career at age 12 competing at the Whyalla go-kart track in South Australia. After winning an Australian Junior and several Senior karting Championships he moved overseas to race karts in Europe before making the transition into Formula Ford. During his karting career he lost his right index finger at the first joint up from the knuckle following an accident, however this didn't affect his racing but did effect his ability to press buttons.

Competing in only his second Formula Ford event, Ingall finished third in a support race at the 1988 Australian Grand Prix in Adelaide.

Over the next few years Ingall proved to be a force in the Australian Formula Ford Championship finishing runner-up before claiming the crown in the 1990.

After almost claiming the British Formula Ford Championship in 1991, Ingall headed to Europe in 1992 to drive for Opel Team Schiubel in the prestigious German Formula 3 Championship. Ingall also had the opportunity to compete at the Macau Grand Prix and surprised many people by starting 23rd and being in a position by mid-way through the race to overtake David Coulthard for fifth position.

Over the northern winter Ingall competed in the New Zealand Dunlop Formula Ford series, winning easily with 10 victories from 12 races.

Ingall made history in 1993 returning to Britain to drive for the factory Van Diemen team to win 13 out of the 16 races in the British Formula Ford Championship and in the process recording the highest number of wins in a single season in the history of Formula Ford.

The season was finished off by winning one of the most prestigious single-seater events - the Formula Ford Festival and World Cup at Brands Hatch in Britain.

Ingall was never able to live up to his full potential in Europe due to a lack of funding and later returned to Australia. This is a common tale for Australian race drivers in Europe.

V8 Supercar

Part-time drives

After spending the first half of 1994 in the Japanese Formula 3 Championship Ingall made his return to Touring Cars, having previously driven for the Bob Forbes Holden team in 1990, driving for Wayne Gardner’s team at the Sandown 500 and Bathurst 1000. Ingall and Win Percy led at Bathurst for some time before finishing fifth.

Perkins Engineering

Ingall went on to win the 1995 British Formula Renault Championship before joining Perkins Engineering for its campaign for the endurance races back in Australia. Ingall figured prominently in the team’s epic last to first victory at Bathurst. He would then become a permanent face of the V8 Supercar Championship throughout 1996 season.

During his first year, Ingall claimed his maiden victory at Calder Park and then went on to win the Bathurst 1000 for the second time in 1997.

In his seven years with Perkins Engineering, Ingall finish runner-up in the championship three times (1998, 1999 and 2001) and was third in 1997.

Stone Brothers Racing

Following seven years with the Perkins team Ingall moved to Stone Brothers Racing at the start of 2003 in winning style taking out the support races at the Australian Grand Prix.

He also went on to win rounds at the Queensland 300 and the Gillette V8 Supercar Challenge at the Lexmark Indy 300 on the Gold Coast, Queensland before eventually finishing seventh outright in the championship.

In 2004 Ingall was again consistent with the highlight of the season coming with a round win at Symmons Plains in round 12. In the final round at Eastern Creek Raceway, he finished third overall to jump from fourth to second in the championship in his Caltex Ford Falcon and give Stone Brothers Racing an historic 1-2 finish as his teammate Marcos Ambrose won the championship.

In 2005 Ingall went one better, collecting his first V8 Supercar championship after having been runner-up four times. Ingall went into the season with a plan and he followed it to the final race of the season, which was held at the Phillip Island circuit. He raced “smarter” than he ever had before and worked out his strategy around the V8 Supercars points system to collect the title ahead of Craig Lowndes and Marcos Ambrose.

In 2006 Ingall saw the championship slip from his grasp due to poor performance from his car which saw him finish the championship in eighth place.

In the lead-up to the 2007 season finale, Ingall announced he was Holden bound, thus leaving Stone Brothers Racing and Ford after five years. He finished the championship for the first time outside the top 10, placing a disappointing eleventh. For 2008 Ingall will race at Paul Morris Motorsport and will be racing under the brand SuperCheap Auto Racing.

Supercheap Auto Racing

Returning to the Holden fray in 2008 with Paul Morris Motorsport, Ingall's debut race meeting for his new team proved less than ideal. Finishing in 14th place in the first leg of the Clipsal 500, contact with the wall at Turn 8 during the morning warmup saw steering and suspension damage to the #39 car. Repairs were made in time for the start of Race 2, but the car was not the same, and he retired after just two laps, with failure in the ignition system.

“If I didn’t stick it in (during) the warm up, the distributor drive would have probably gone in the warm-up so we would have found the problem before the race, so one thing led to another,” said Ingall. “At the end of the day it was all related to the shunt.”

In 2010, Ingall will be joined by New Zealander Greg Murphy.

Career Results

! Season	! Series	! Position	! Car	! Team
1988	Motorcraft Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series		Van Diemen RF86 Ford
1989	Motorcraft Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series		Van Diemen RF89 Ford	Russell Ingall
1990	Motorcraft Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series		Van Diemen RF90 Ford	Coffey Ford
1991	British Formula Ford Championship		Van Diemen RF91 Ford
1992			Dallara F392 Opel	Opel Team Schübel
1993	British Formula Ford Championship		Van Diemen RF93 Ford	Van Diemen
1994			Dallara 394 Toyota TOM's	Navi Connection Racing
1995	British Formula Renault Championship
	Australian Touring Car Championship		Holden VR Commodore	Perkins Engineering
	Australian Super Touring Championship		Vauxhall Cavalier	Phoenix Motorsport
	Australian Touring Car Championship		Holden VS Commodore	Perkins Engineering
	Australian Touring Car Championship		Holden VS Commodore	Perkins Engineering
	Shell Championship Series		Holden VT Commodore
	Shell Championship Series		Holden VT Commodore	Castrol Perkins Racing
	Shell Championship Series		Holden VX Commodore	Castrol Perkins Racing
	V8 Supercar Championship Series		Holden VX Commodore	Castrol Perkins Racing
	V8 Supercar Championship Series		Ford BA Falcon	Stone Brothers Racing
	V8 Supercar Championship Series		Ford BA Falcon	Stone Brothers Racing
	V8 Supercar Championship Series		Ford BA Falcon	Stone Brothers Racing
	V8 Supercar Championship Series		Ford BA Falcon	Stone Brothers Racing
	V8 Supercar Championship Series		Ford BF Falcon	Stone Brothers Racing
	V8 Supercar Championship Series		Holden VE Commodore	Paul Morris Motorsport
	V8 Supercar Championship Series		Holden VE Commodore	Paul Morris Motorsport
	V8 Supercar Championship Series		Holden VE Commodore	Paul Morris Motorsport

References

External links

Ingall's Official Website

Supercheap Auto Racing

Caltex Motorsport

Category:V8 Supercar drivers Category:British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers Category:German Formula Three Championship drivers Category:Japanese Formula Three Championship drivers Category:Australian racecar drivers Category:Australian amputees Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Bathurst 1000 winners Category:Formula Ford drivers Category:Australian Touring Car Championship drivers Category:Australian people of English descent

pl:Russell Ingall sv:Russell Ingall

Greg Murphy (born 23 August 1972 in Hastings, New Zealand) is a racing driver, best known as a four-time winner of the Bathurst 1000. Greg Murphy joined Jeremy Clarkson and Richard Hammond presenting Top Gear, when it had its first international Live show at ASB Showgrounds in Auckland from February 12 - 15th 2009, and again when the show returned in 2010 with James May replacing Hammond.

History

thumb|left|1994 Ralt Formula BrabhamMurphy became involved in motor sports by the age of eight, progressing through karts to saloons and single-seaters before moving to Australia. He first competed at the Bathurst circuit in 1994. The following two years he drove for Brad Jones Racing in the Australian Super Touring Championship and the Holden Racing Team (HRT) in endurance events, winning the Bathurst 1000 with Craig Lowndes in 1996. He drove for the HRT full time in 1997 and almost won the championship. Due to Craig Lowndes' return from overseas, Murphy only drove for the team in the endurance races in 1998.

In 1999, he joined Wynns Racing and paired with Steven Richards to win the Bathurst 1000. In the 2001 V8 Supercar season, Murphy joined the newly-formed Kmart Racing team and had two Bathurst 1000 wins with teammate Rick Kelly, in 2003 and 2004. Murphy had two championship runner-ups while at Kmart Racing, in 2002 and 2003. In 2001 and 2004 he finished fourth in the championship.

He is one of the best known V8 Supercar drivers (car No 51 since 2001) and has won four rounds at his home circuit at Pukekohe, near Auckland (2001, 2002, 2003 and 2005). At the Mount Panorama circuit at Bathurst, Murphy has the second best record for a Kiwi with four wins, compared to Jim Richards' seven.

Murphy's 2003 pole position of 2m.06.8594s at Bathurst stood as the fastest lap ever recorded at Mount Panorama until eclipsed seven years later,.

Murphy joined Tasman Motorsport in 2007.

Paul Morris Motorsport announced Murphy will be join the team in 2010 to drive Castrol supported Commodore. While the partnership looked like it was to reignite the "old murph" his performances and a poor car failed to produce results thus the announcement came in November 2010 that the partnership would split. Murphy joined Kelly Racing for 2011 in a very late deal.

Notable career events

1994 – Won the New Zealand Grand Prix at Manfield driving a Reynard 90D

1994 - Second in the Australian Formula Brabham Championship

1995 - New Zealand Formula 3000 series driving a Reynard 92D-Holden

1996 - Second in the GT2 Class at Le Mans

1996 - Won Bathurst 1000 and Sandown 500 with Craig Lowndes and the Holden Racing Team

1996 - Winner of The Mobil Sprint Series in New Zealand with the Holden Racing Team

1997 - First full season in the Australian Touring Car Championship (now the V8 Supercar Championship) with the Holden Racing Team., Fourth overall in championship

1998 - Sat out most of the V8 Championship while testing for the Tasman Indy Lights team

1999 - Moved to Gibson Motorsport. Won the Bathurst 1000 with Steven Richards, 6th overall in championship

2000 - Third at Bathurst with Steven Richards, 6th overall in championship

2001 - Helped to create Kmart Racing (now Toll HSV Dealer Team) after Gibson Motorsport turned to Ford and Craig Lowndes. Finished 3rd at Bathurst with Todd Kelly

2002 - Was given the biggest penalty (five minutes) in V8 racing history because of a pitlane infringement by his team. His car was released early, rupturing a refueling hose and spilling fuel in the pit box

2002 and 03 - Finished second overall in V8 Supercars series

2003 - Set the fastest lap ever on the 6.213 km Mount Panorama Circuit during the Top 10 Shootout, with a time of 2:06.8594. Won Bathurst 1000 with Rick Kelly. Won Bathurst 24 Hour With Peter Brock, Todd Kelly and Jason Bright

2004 - Won Bathurst 1000 again with Rick Kelly

2005 - Looked like coming to blows with Marcos Ambrose on-track at Bathurst after a collision, though only a verbal argument ensued. Both failed to finish

2001, 2002, 2003 and 2005 - Wins his home race at Pukekohe

2008 - Finished second at Bathurst 1000, (first Holden home) after an initial tangle with Craig Lowndes, driving superbly in the last 20 laps to pass Steven Richards and hold off the fast advancing Ford of James Courtney.

Career results

! Season	! Series	! Position	! Car	! Team
	Australian Drivers' Championship		Ralt RT23 Holden
	Australian Manufacturers' Championship			Orix Racing
	Australian Super Touring Championship			Brad Jones Racing
	Australian Super Touring Championship			Brad Jones Racing
			Holden VR Commodore	Holden Racing Team
	Australian Touring Car Championship		Holden VS Commodore	Holden Racing Team
	Australian Touring Car Championship		Holden VT Commodore	Holden Racing Team
			Holden VT Commodore	Gibson Motor Sport
			Holden VT Commodore	Gibson Motor Sport
			Holden VX Commodore
			Holden VX Commodore
			Holden VX CommodoreHolden VY Commodore
			Holden VY Commodore
			Holden VZ Commodore	Paul Weel Racing
			Holden VZ Commodore	Paul Weel Racing
			Holden VE Commodore	Tasman Motorsport
			Holden VE Commodore	Tasman Motorsport
			Holden VE Commodore	Tasman Motorsport
			Holden VE Commodore	Paul Morris Motorsport

References

External links

Murphy's official site

Profile at V8 Supercars

Video of Greg Murphy's "Lap of the Gods" at Bathurst

Greg Murphy at Pepsi Max Crew, Kelly Racing

References

Category:New Zealand racecar drivers Category:V8 Supercar drivers Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:People from Hastings, New Zealand Category:Bathurst 1000 winners Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers Category:Australian Touring Car Championship drivers Category:Formula Holden drivers

sv:Greg Murphy

name	Joaquín Rodrigo
birth date	November 22, 1901
birth place	Sagunto, Valencia, Spain
death date	July 06, 1999
death place	Madrid
nationality	Spanish
spouse	Victoria Kamhi
salary	}}

Joaquín Rodrigo Vidre, 1st Marquis of the Gardens of Aranjuez (November 22, 1901July 6, 1999), commonly known as Joaquín Rodrigo, was a composer of classical music and a virtuoso pianist. Despite being nearly blind from an early age, he achieved great success. Rodrigo's music counts among some of the most popular of the 20th century, particularly his ''Concierto de Aranjuez'', considered one of the pinnacles of the Spanish music and guitar concerto repertoire.

Life

He was born in Sagunto, Valencia, and almost completely lost his sight at the age of three after contracting diphtheria. He began to study solfège, piano and violin at the age of eight; harmony and composition from the age of sixteen. Although distinguished by having raised the Spanish guitar to dignity as a universal concert instrument and best known for his guitar music, he never mastered the instrument himself. He wrote his compositions in braille, which was transcribed for publication.

Rodrigo studied music under Francisco Antich in Valencia and under Paul Dukas at the École Normale de Musique in Paris. After briefly returning to Spain, he went to Paris again to study musicology, first under Maurice Emmanuel and then under André Pirro. His first published compositions date from 1940. In 1943 he received Spain's National Prize for Orchestra for ''Cinco piezas infantiles'' ("Five Children's Pieces"), based on his earlier composition of the same piece for two pianos, premiered by Ricardo Viñes. From 1947 Rodrigo was a professor of music history, holding the Manuel de Falla Chair of Music in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, at Complutense University of Madrid.

His most famous work, ''Concierto de Aranjuez,'' was composed in 1939 in Paris, and in later life he and his wife declared that it was written as a response to the miscarriage of their first child. It is a concerto for guitar and orchestra. The central adagio movement is one of the most recognizable in 20th century classical music, featuring the interplay of guitar with English horn. This movement was later adapted by the conductor Gil Evans for Miles Davis' 1960 album Sketches of Spain. The Concerto was adapted by the composer himself for Harp and Orchestra and dedicated to Nicanor Zabaleta.

The success of this concerto led to commissions from a number of prominent soloists, including the flautist James Galway and the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber for whom Rodrigo composed his ''Concierto como un divertimento'' and ''Concierto serenata'' for Harp and Orchestra dedicated to Nicanor Zabaleta. In 1954 Rodrigo composed ''Fantasía para un gentilhombre'' at the request of Andrés Segovia. His ''Concierto Andaluz,'' for four guitars and orchestra, was commissioned by Celedonio Romero for himself and his three sons.

None of Rodrigo's works, however, achieved the popular and critical success of the ''Concierto de Aranjuez'' and the ''Fantasia para un gentilhombre''. These two works are very often paired in recordings.

He was awarded Spain's highest award for composition, the Premio Nacional de Música, in 1983. On 30 December 1991, Rodrigo was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I with the hereditary title of ''Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez'' (English: Marquis of the Gardens of Aranjuez). He received the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award—Spain's highest civilian honor—in 1996. He was named Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 1998.

He married Victoria Kamhi, a Turkish-born pianist whom he had met in Paris, on 19 January 1933, in Valencia. Their daughter, Cecilia, was born 27 January 1941. Rodrigo died in 1999 in Madrid at the age of 97, and was succeeded as Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez by his daughter. Joaquín Rodrigo and his wife Victoria are buried at the cemetery at Aranjuez.

Works

Orchestral

Symphonic Wind Ensemble

*''Adagio Para Orquesta de Instrumentos de Viento'' (first public performance in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1966)

Orchestra

*''Cinco Piezas Infantiles'' (1928)

*''Per la flor del Lliri Blau'', symphonic poem (1934; First Prize, ''Círculo de Bellas Artes'')

*''Soleriana'' (first performance by the Berlin Philharmonic, on August 22, 1953 in Berlin)

*''Pavana Real'' (1955)

Concertante

Cello

*''Concierto en modo galante'' (1949)

*''Concierto como un divertimento'' (1979–1981)

Flute

*''Concierto pastoral'' (1978)

Guitar

*''Concierto de Aranjuez'' (1939)

*''Fantasía para un gentilhombre'' (1954)

*''Concierto madrigal'' for two guitars (1966)

*''Concierto Andaluz'' for four guitars (1967)

*''Concierto para una fiesta'' (1982)

Harp

*''Concierto serenata'' (1954)

*''Sones en la giralda'' (1963; written as a wedding present for the harpist Marisa Robles)

Piano

*''Juglares'' (1923); first public performance: 1924, Valencia

*''Concierto heroico'' (1943)

Violin

*''Canconeta'' for violin and string orchestra (1923)

*''Concierto de estío'' (1944)

Instrumental

Guitar

*''Three Spanish Pieces - Tres Piezas Españolas (Fandango, Passacaglia, Zapateado)'' (1954)

*''Invocación y danza'' (1961) — First prize, ''Coupe International de Guitare,'' awarded by ''Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française'' (ORTF)

*''Elogio de la guitarra'' (1971)

*''Two Preludes''

*''En Los Trigales''

*''Sonata Giocosa''

*''Toccata''

*''Sonata a la Española'' (1963)

Vocal/Choral

''Ausencias de Dulcinea'' (1948); First prize, Cervantes Competition

''Cuatro Madrigales Amatorios'' (1948)

''Tres viejos aires de danza'' (1994)

''Villancicos y canciones de navidad'' (1952); ''Ateneo de Madrid'' Prize;

''Cuatro canciones sephardies'' (1965);

''El Hijo Fingido'', Zarzuela;

''Porque toco el pandero''

Guitar and Voice

''Coplas del Pastor Enamorado'' (1935)

''Tres Canciones Española'' (1951)

''Tres Villancicos'' (1952)

''Romance de Durante'' (1955)

''Folías Canarias'' (1958)

''Aranjuez, ma pensée'' (1988)

References

External links

Joaquín Rodrigo website

Joaquín Rodrigo website

Articles

''MUSIC; A Composer Who Found Strength in an Inner Vision'' (Pablo Zinger, August 1999, NY Times)

Recordings

''Rodrigo interpreta a Rodrigo'' ()

Videos

''Grandes personajes, a fondo. Vol. 7''

Television Productions Rodrigo: Pasos y huellas en la oscuridad

''The Rodrigo Collection'' - :DVD containing: ''Shadows and Light'' documentary, ''Concierto de Aranjuez''

''Concierto De Aranjuez: El Siglo De Joaquín Rodrigo'' (Diagonal TV!)

Joaquín Rodrigo - Concierto de Aranjuez by Narciso Yepes

|-

Category:1901 births Category:1999 deaths Category:People from Valencia (province) Category:Blind musicians Category:Composers for the classical guitar Category:20th-century classical composers Category:Spanish composers Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

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